Definition of Osteoarthritis
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease in which the cartilage and other joint tissues gradually change, leading to pain, stiffness, swelling, and reduced mobility.
How a healthy joint works
A healthy joint consists of bones covered with smooth cartilage that allows frictionless movement. The joint is surrounded by a capsule filled with synovial fluid, which lubricates and nourishes the cartilage. Ligaments and muscles provide stability and support.
What changes in osteoarthritis
In osteoarthritis, the cartilage gradually wears away, exposing the underlying bone. This can lead to bone spurs, inflammation, and changes in the joint structure. The condition typically develops slowly over years and can affect any joint, though it's most common in the knees, hips, hands, and spine.
Common symptoms
Early stages may be asymptomatic, but as the disease progresses, symptoms such as joint pain, swelling, stiffness (especially in the morning), and decreased range of motion become apparent. Osteoarthritis is not an inflammatory arthritis like rheumatoid arthritis; it's primarily a mechanical issue related to wear and tear.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis is typically based on clinical symptoms, physical examination, and imaging studies like X-rays, which can show joint space narrowing, osteophyte formation, and subchondral sclerosis.